Carbocations are reactive intermediates in organic chemistry characterized by a positively charged carbon atom with three bonds and an empty p orbital. Their instability makes them highly reactive, often serving as reaction intermediates in various organic transformations. Carbocations can be classified based on their substitution pattern as primary, secondary, or tertiary, with stability increasing in the order tertiary > secondary > primary due to hyperconjugation and inductive effects. Their reactivity influences reaction mechanisms, including electrophilic additions and substitutions

  The four main branches of chemistry are: (1) Organic chemistry;          (2) Inorganic chemistry; (3) Physical chemistry;         (4) Analytical chemistry. (1)  Organic chemistry : It is concerned with the study of  compounds of carbon except carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanides,  isocyanides, carbides and oxides of carbon. It is actually the  study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. (2)  Inorganic chemistry : It deals with the study of all  known elements and their compounds except organic  compounds. It is concerned with the materials obtained from  minerals, air, sea and soil. (3)  Physical chemistry : It is concerned with the physical  properties and constitution of matter, the laws of chemical  combination and theories governing reactions. The effect of  temperature, pressure, light, concentration, etc., on reactions  come under the scope of physical chemistry...

  Rounding off the uncertain digit :  (a)  If the left most digit to be rounded off is more than 5 , the preceding number is increased by one.   Example : 2.16 is rounded to 2.2  (b)  If the left most digit to be rounded off is less than 5 , the preceding number is retained.  Example : 2.14 is rounded off to 2.1  (c)  If the left most digit to be rounded off is equal to 5 , the preceding number is not changed if it is even and increased by one if it is odd.  Example : 3.25 is rounded off to 3.2 2.35 is round off to 2.4

  (A)  Every scientific observation involves some degree of uncertainty depending upon the limitation of instrument. To represent scientific data, role of significant figures has its own importance.  (B)  Significant figures are equal to the number of digits in numbers with last digit uncertain and rest all are certain digits i.e. all the digits of datum including the uncertain one , are called significant figures.  (C)  Rules for determination of significant figure:  (i)  All non zero digits are significant.  Example : 3.14 has three significant figures  (ii)  The zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant.  Example : 3.0 has two significant figures.  (iii)  The zeros to the left of the first non zero digit in a number are not significant.  Example : 0.02 has one significant figure.  (iv)  The zeros between two non zero digits are also significant.  Example : 6.01 has three significan...

  Gold number of a protective colloid is the minimum weight of it in  milligrams which must be added to 10 mL of a substance (red gold sol)  so that no coagulation of the gold sol takes place when 1 mL of 10%  sodium chloride solution is rapidly added to it. or Weight of the dried protective agent in milligrams, which, when added  to 10 mL of a standard gold sol (0.0053 to 0.0058%), is just sufficient to  prevent a color change from red to blue on the addition of 1 mL of 10%  sodium chloride solution, is equal to the gold number of protective  colloid.  Protective power ∝ 1/Gold number Note: Gold number is a practical value, it cannot be obtained  theoretically.

  How does setting unachievable targets and routine hamper your exam preparation? Setting targets and routines is an important part of exam preparation, but it is equally important to ensure that these targets and routines are achievable. Setting unachievable targets and routines can have a negative impact on your exam preparation in several ways. Firstly , setting unachievable targets can lead to feelings of frustration and demotivation. When you set a target that is unrealistic or beyond your capabilities, it can be difficult to make progress toward that goal. This can lead to feelings of frustration and demotivation, which can in turn make it even more difficult to study effectively. Secondly , setting unachievable routines can lead to burnout. If you set a routine that is too rigid or demanding, you may find yourself struggling to keep up with it. This can lead to feelings of exhaustion and burnout, which can impact your ability to focus and retain information. Thirdly , settin...

  How to set realistic goals? As a student, you may feel overwhelmed and stressed when it comes to exams. The pressure to perform well and the fear of not living up to your expectation can be daunting. However, the key to successful exam preparation is to set realistic goals that you can achieve. we will try to formulate a way how you can set realistic goals that will help you prepare effectively for your exams.  1. Identify your strength and weakness: The first step in setting. A realistic goal is to identify your strengths and weaknesses. This will help you to focus on the areas where you need to improve and set goals that are aligned with your capabilities. Take a self-assessment test and see where you stand in terms of your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter. 2. Prioritise your goals : Once you have identified your strength and weakness is, privatize your goals based on their importance and urgency. Start by focusing on the areas where you need the most imp...