Coordination Compounds: Complete Guide for Class 12, JEE & NEET
Coordination compounds form one of the most important and concept-heavy chapters in Class 12 Chemistry. This chapter has significant weightage in JEE Main, JEE Advanced, and NEET and links concepts of chemical bonding, magnetism, colour, and molecular geometry.
What Are Coordination Compounds?
Coordination compounds are substances in which a central metal atom or ion is bonded to surrounding ions or molecules called ligands through coordinate (dative) bonds.
Examples: [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Fe(CN)6]4−
Werner’s Coordination Theory – The Foundation
Werner’s Coordination Theory laid the foundation of coordination chemistry by explaining the difference between primary valency and secondary valency and the fixed nature of coordination number.
π Read detailed Werner’s Coordination Theory
Types of Ligands in Coordination Compounds
Ligands are electron pair donors that attach to the central metal atom. Based on denticity and binding behavior, ligands are classified as monodentate, bidentate, polydentate, and ambidentate.
π Complete classification of ligands with examples
Bonding Theories of Coordination Compounds
1. Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
Valence Bond Theory explains the formation of inner orbital and outer orbital complexes, hybridisation of metal ions, and magnetic behaviour of coordination compounds.
π Valence Bond Theory explained
2. Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
Crystal Field Theory explains the splitting of d-orbitals in the presence of ligands and helps predict colour, stability, and magnetic properties of complexes.
π Learn Crystal Field Theory in detail
3. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
Molecular Orbital Theory provides a deeper insight into metal–ligand bonding, sigma and pi interactions, and magnetic behaviour of coordination compounds.
π Read MOT for coordination compounds
4. Ligand Field Theory (LFT)
Ligand Field Theory is an advanced approach that combines ideas of CFT and MOT and explains pi-donor and pi-acceptor ligand interactions.
π Ligand Field Theory explained clearly
Synergic Bonding in Coordination Compounds
Synergic bonding explains the simultaneous donation of electrons from ligand to metal and back-donation from metal to ligand, commonly seen in metal carbonyl complexes.
π Understand synergic bonding with diagrams
Jahn–Teller Effect
The Jahn–Teller effect explains distortion in certain coordination complexes to lower their energy, commonly observed in d9 octahedral complexes.
π Detailed explanation of Jahn–Teller effect
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
Structural Isomerism
Structural isomerism includes ionisation, coordination, and linkage isomerism.
π Structural isomerism explained
Geometrical Isomerism
Geometrical isomerism arises due to different spatial arrangements of ligands in square planar and octahedral complexes.
π Geometrical isomerism in detail
Optical Isomerism
Optical isomerism is observed in chiral coordination complexes that exist as non-superimposable mirror images.
π Optical isomerism explained clearly
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
Correct nomenclature is essential for board exams and competitive exams like JEE and NEET.
π Step-by-step nomenclature rules
Practice & Revision Resources
- JEE Main Mock Test – Coordination Compounds
- NEET MCQs on Coordination Compounds
- Complete Revision of Coordination Compounds
Final Words
Coordination compounds are highly scoring when studied conceptually. Follow a structured approach—Werner’s theory, bonding theories, isomerism, and practice questions—to master this chapter.
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