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Positive Phase ($\Psi > 0$)
Negative Phase ($\Psi < 0$)
Atomic Nuclei

Concept Quiz

LCAO: Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals

According to Molecular Orbital Theory, atomic orbitals (AOs) mathematically combine to form molecular orbitals (MOs) that span the entire molecule.

  • Bonding MO: Formed by constructive interference ($\Psi_A + \Psi_B$). Electron density increases between the nuclei, lowering the system's energy and stabilizing the bond.
  • Antibonding MO (*): Formed by destructive interference ($\Psi_A - \Psi_B$). A nodal plane with zero electron density forms between the nuclei, raising the energy and destabilizing the bond.
$$ \Psi_{MO} = c_A\Psi_A \pm c_B\Psi_B $$