Hybrid Orbitals Simulation

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Hybrid Orbitals 3D Visualization

CLICK AND DRAG TO ROTATE 3D MODEL

Hybrid Lobes (spⁿ)

Unhybridized p-orbitals

Concept Quiz

Valence Bond Theory: Hybridization

To explain observed molecular geometries (like the perfect 109.5° angles in Methane), Linus Pauling proposed that atomic orbitals (s, p) mix to form new, identical hybrid orbitals. This mathematical mixing creates orbitals that are strongly directional, allowing for better overlap and stronger sigma ($\sigma$) bonds.

The characteristic shape of a hybrid orbital features a large major lobe (which forms the strong head-on $\sigma$ bond) and a small minor lobe pointing in the opposite direction.

Orbital Configuration

Select Hybridization sp³ Hybridization (Tetrahedral) sp² Hybridization (Trigonal Planar) sp Hybridization (Linear)

Show Hybrid Orbitals Show Unhybridized p-orbitals

Orbital Properties

Mixing 1s + 3p

Geometry Tetrahedral

Bond Angle 109.5°

Character & Orbitals

% s-character 25%

% p-character 75%

Unhybridized p-orbitals 0

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