Group 0 Cations (Ammonium) Simulator

Group 0 Analysis: Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for the Ammonium Radical.

1. Setup Experiment

Select Unknown Salt

Ammonium Chloride (NH₄Cl) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) [Control]

0

1

2

2. Observation

Reaction State Clear Aqueous

Status: Standby.
Group 0 is tested first to avoid contamination from NH₄⁺ reagents used in later groups. Step 1 will evolve Ammonia gas if present.

3. Chemical Principles

Step 1 (NaOH Test): Heating with strong base displaces volatile Ammonia (NH₃) gas.
A glass rod dipped in conc. HCl is brought near the mouth. NH₃ reacts with HCl vapors to form dense white fumes of solid NH₄Cl.

NH₃(g) + HCl(g) → NH₄Cl(s) (White Fumes)

Step 2 (Nessler's Test): Nessler's reagent (K₂[HgI₄]) in alkaline medium forms a characteristic brown precipitate (Iodide of Millon's base).

NH₃ + 2K₂[HgI₄] + 3KOH → HgO·Hg(NH₂)I↓ + 7KI + 2H₂O

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