100 Essential 1-Step Organic Conversions

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The Ultimate 100 Flashcards

Master the fundamental building blocks of organic synthesis. These 100 strictly one-step reactions form the core vocabulary of Class 11 and 12 organic chemistry. Click any card to instantly reveal the reagent and chemical equation.

Part 1: Hydrocarbons (Aliphatic & Aromatic)

1.Methane to Chloromethane

Free Radical Halogenation

Reagent: $\ce{Cl2}$ / UV light ($h\nu$)

$$ \ce{CH4 + Cl2 ->[h\nu] CH3Cl + HCl} $$

2.Ethene to Ethane

Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reagent: $\ce{H2}$ gas over $\ce{Ni}$, $\ce{Pt}$, or $\ce{Pd}$

$$ \ce{CH2=CH2 + H2 ->[Ni/\Delta] CH3-CH3} $$

3.Propene to 2-Bromopropane

Markovnikov Addition

Reagent: Hydrogen Bromide ($\ce{HBr}$)

$$ \ce{CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr -> CH3-CH(Br)-CH3} $$

4.Propene to 1-Bromopropane

Anti-Markovnikov (Kharasch)

Reagent: $\ce{HBr}$ in the presence of Organic Peroxide

$$ \ce{CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr ->[Peroxide] CH3-CH2-CH2Br} $$

5.Ethene to 1,2-Dibromoethane

Electrophilic Addition

Reagent: Bromine in Carbon tetrachloride ($\ce{Br2/CCl4}$)

$$ \ce{CH2=CH2 + Br2 ->[CCl4] CH2(Br)-CH2(Br)} $$

6.Ethyne to Ethene

Partial Reduction

Reagent: $\ce{H2}$ with Lindlar's Catalyst ($\ce{Pd/BaSO4}$)

$$ \ce{HC\equiv CH + H2 ->[Pd/BaSO4] CH2=CH2} $$

7.Ethyne to Benzene

Cyclic Trimerization

Reagent: Red-hot iron tube at 873K

$$ \ce{3 HC\equiv CH ->[Fe tube][873 K] C6H6} $$

8.Benzene to Toluene

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

Reagent: Methyl chloride + anhydrous $\ce{AlCl3}$

$$ \ce{C6H6 + CH3Cl ->[AlCl3] C6H5CH3 + HCl} $$

9.Benzene to Nitrobenzene

Nitration (EAS)

Reagent: Conc. $\ce{HNO3}$ + Conc. $\ce{H2SO4}$

$$ \ce{C6H6 + HNO3 ->[H2SO4] C6H5NO2 + H2O} $$

10.Benzene to Chlorobenzene

Halogenation (EAS)

Reagent: $\ce{Cl2}$ gas + anhydrous $\ce{FeCl3}$ (or $\ce{AlCl3}$)

$$ \ce{C6H6 + Cl2 ->[FeCl3] C6H5Cl + HCl} $$

11.Benzene to Benzenesulfonic Acid

Sulfonation (EAS)

Reagent: Fuming sulfuric acid (Oleum, $\ce{H2S2O7}$)

$$ \ce{C6H6 + H2S2O7 -> C6H5SO3H + H2SO4} $$

12.Benzene to Acetophenone

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Reagent: Acetyl chloride ($\ce{CH3COCl}$) + anhyd. $\ce{AlCl3}$

$$ \ce{C6H6 + CH3COCl ->[AlCl3] C6H5COCH3 + HCl} $$

13.Toluene to Benzoic Acid

Side-Chain Oxidation

Reagent: Acidified Potassium Permanganate, heat

$$ \ce{C6H5CH3 + 3[O] ->[KMnO4/H+] C6H5COOH + H2O} $$

14.Toluene to Benzyl Chloride

Free Radical Halogenation

Reagent: $\ce{Cl2}$ gas, sunlight ($h\nu$), boiling

$$ \ce{C6H5CH3 + Cl2 ->[h\nu] C6H5CH2Cl + HCl} $$

15.Sodium Acetate to Methane

Decarboxylation

Reagent: Soda lime ($\ce{NaOH + CaO}$), heat

$$ \ce{CH3COONa + NaOH ->[CaO, \Delta] CH4 + Na2CO3} $$

Part 2: Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

16.Ethanol to Chloroethane

Nucleophilic Substitution

Reagent: Thionyl chloride ($\ce{SOCl2}$) in pyridine

$$ \ce{CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 -> CH3CH2Cl + SO2 ^ + HCl ^} $$

17.Ethanol to Bromoethane

Nucleophilic Substitution

Reagent: Phosphorus tribromide ($\ce{PBr3}$)

$$ \ce{3 CH3CH2OH + PBr3 -> 3 CH3CH2Br + H3PO3} $$

18.Chloroethane to Ethanol

Nucleophilic Substitution ($S_N2$)

Reagent: Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide ($\ce{KOH(aq)}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + KOH(aq) -> CH3CH2OH + KCl} $$

19.Chloroethane to Ethene

Dehydrohalogenation ($\beta$-elim.)

Reagent: Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide ($\ce{KOH(alc)}$), heat

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + KOH(alc) ->[\Delta] CH2=CH2 + KCl + H2O} $$

20.Chloroethane to Propanenitrile

Cyanide Substitution (Step-Up)

Reagent: Alcoholic Potassium Cyanide ($\ce{KCN}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + KCN(alc) -> CH3CH2CN + KCl} $$

21.Chloroethane to Ethyl Isocyanide

Isocyanide Substitution

Reagent: Alcoholic Silver Cyanide ($\ce{AgCN}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + AgCN(alc) -> CH3CH2NC + AgCl} $$

22.Chloroethane to Nitroethane

Nitro Substitution

Reagent: Silver Nitrite ($\ce{AgNO2}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + AgNO2 -> CH3CH2NO2 + AgCl} $$

23.Chloroethane to Ethyl Nitrite

Nitrite Substitution

Reagent: Potassium Nitrite ($\ce{KNO2}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + KNO2 -> CH3CH2-O-N=O + KCl} $$

24.Bromoethane to Butane

Wurtz Reaction

Reagent: Sodium metal ($\ce{Na}$) in dry ether

$$ \ce{2 CH3CH2Br + 2Na ->[Dry Ether] CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaBr} $$

25.Chlorobenzene to Toluene

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

Reagent: Methyl chloride + Sodium in dry ether

$$ \ce{C6H5Cl + CH3Cl + 2Na ->[Ether] C6H5CH3 + 2NaCl} $$

26.Chlorobenzene to Biphenyl

Fittig Reaction

Reagent: Sodium metal ($\ce{Na}$) in dry ether

$$ \ce{2 C6H5Cl + 2Na ->[Ether] C6H5-C6H5 + 2NaCl} $$

27.1-Bromopropane to 1-Fluoropropane

Swarts / Halogen Exchange

Reagent: Silver Fluoride ($\ce{AgF}$) or $\ce{Hg2F2}$

$$ \ce{CH3CH2CH2Br + AgF -> CH3CH2CH2F + AgBr} $$

28.1-Chloropropane to 1-Iodopropane

Finkelstein Reaction

Reagent: Sodium Iodide ($\ce{NaI}$) in dry acetone

$$ \ce{CH3CH2CH2Cl + NaI ->[Acetone] CH3CH2CH2I + NaCl v} $$

29.Silver propanoate to Bromoethane

Hunsdiecker Reaction

Reagent: $\ce{Br2}$ in refluxing $\ce{CCl4}$

$$ \ce{CH3CH2COOAg + Br2 ->[CCl4] CH3CH2Br + CO2 + AgBr} $$

30.Chloroethane to Diethyl Ether

Williamson Ether Synthesis

Reagent: Sodium Ethoxide ($\ce{NaOCH2CH3}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Cl + NaOCH2CH3 -> CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 + NaCl} $$

Part 3: Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

31.Propene to Propan-2-ol

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Reagent: $\ce{H2O / H+}$

$$ \ce{CH3CH=CH2 + H2O ->[H+] CH3-CH(OH)-CH3} $$

32.Ethanal to Ethanol

Reduction

Reagent: Sodium Borohydride ($\ce{NaBH4}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + 2[H] ->[NaBH4] CH3CH2OH} $$

33.Propanone to Propan-2-ol

Reduction

Reagent: Sodium Borohydride ($\ce{NaBH4}$)

$$ \ce{CH3COCH3 + 2[H] ->[NaBH4] CH3-CH(OH)-CH3} $$

34.Ethanoic Acid to Ethanol

Strong Reduction

Reagent: Lithium Aluminum Hydride ($\ce{LiAlH4}$)

$$ \ce{CH3COOH + 4[H] ->[LiAlH4] CH3CH2OH + H2O} $$

35.Ethyl Ethanoate to Ethanol

Ester Hydrolysis

Reagent: Dilute acid ($\ce{H3O+}$) or Alkali

$$ \ce{CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O ->[H+] CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH} $$

36.Ethanol to Sodium Ethoxide

Acidic Nature of Alcohols

Reagent: Sodium metal ($\ce{Na}$)

$$ \ce{2 CH3CH2OH + 2Na -> 2 CH3CH2ONa + H2 ^} $$

37.Ethanol to Ethanal

Mild Oxidation

Reagent: Pyridinium Chlorochromate ($\ce{PCC}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2OH ->[PCC] CH3CHO} $$

38.Propan-2-ol to Propanone

Oxidation

Reagent: Chromium trioxide ($\ce{CrO3}$)

$$ \ce{CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 ->[CrO3] CH3-CO-CH3} $$

39.Ethanol to Ethoxyethane

Intermolecular Dehydration

Reagent: Conc. $\ce{H2SO4}$ at exactly 413 K

$$ \ce{2 CH3CH2OH ->[H2SO4][413 K] CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 + H2O} $$

40.Phenol to Sodium Phenoxide

Acid-Base Reaction

Reagent: Aqueous $\ce{NaOH}$

$$ \ce{C6H5OH + NaOH -> C6H5ONa + H2O} $$

41.Phenol to Benzene

Deoxygenation (Reduction)

Reagent: Zinc dust, strong heat

$$ \ce{C6H5OH + Zn ->[\Delta] C6H6 + ZnO} $$

42.Phenol to 2,4,6-Tribromophenol

Exhaustive Bromination

Reagent: Bromine water ($\ce{Br2(aq)}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5OH + 3Br2(aq) -> 2,4,6-C6H2Br3OH v + 3HBr} $$

43.Phenol to o/p-Nitrophenol

Nitration

Reagent: Dilute Nitric Acid ($\ce{HNO3}$) at 298K

$$ \ce{C6H5OH + HNO3(dil) -> o-NO2C6H4OH + p-NO2C6H4OH} $$

44.Phenol to Picric Acid

Exhaustive Nitration

Reagent: Conc. $\ce{HNO3}$ + Conc. $\ce{H2SO4}$

$$ \ce{C6H5OH ->[HNO3(conc)][H2SO4(conc)] 2,4,6-C6H2(NO2)3OH} $$

45.Sod. Phenoxide to Anisole

Williamson Ether Synthesis

Reagent: Methyl Iodide ($\ce{CH3I}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5ONa + CH3I -> C6H5OCH3 + NaI} $$

46.Anisole to Phenol

Ether Cleavage

Reagent: Conc. Hydroiodic Acid ($\ce{HI}$), heat

$$ \ce{C6H5OCH3 + HI ->[\Delta] C6H5OH + CH3I} $$

47.Anisole to p-Bromoanisole

Halogenation (EAS)

Reagent: $\ce{Br2}$ in ethanoic acid (No FeBr3 needed)

$$ \ce{C6H5OCH3 + Br2 ->[CH3COOH] p-Br-C6H4-OCH3} $$

48.Phenol to Salicylaldehyde

Reimer-Tiemann Reaction

Reagent: Chloroform ($\ce{CHCl3}$) + Aqueous $\ce{NaOH}$, then $\ce{H+}$

$$ \ce{C6H5OH + CHCl3 + 3NaOH ->[then H+] o-HOC6H4CHO} $$

49.Phenol to Benzoquinone

Oxidation

Reagent: Sodium dichromate ($\ce{Na2Cr2O7}$) + $\ce{H2SO4}$

$$ \ce{C6H5OH ->[Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4] O=C6H4=O} $$

50.Phenol to Salicylic Acid

Kolbe's Reaction (overall)

Reagent: 1. $\ce{NaOH}$, 2. $\ce{CO2, 400K, 4-7 atm}$, 3. $\ce{H+}$

$$ \ce{C6H5OH ->[1. NaOH][2. CO2] ->[3. H+] o-HOC6H4COOH} $$

Part 4: Aldehydes & Ketones

51.Ethanal to Cyanohydrin

Nucleophilic Addition

Reagent: Hydrogen Cyanide ($\ce{HCN}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + HCN -> CH3-CH(OH)-CN} $$

52.Ethanal to Bisulfite Adduct

Nucleophilic Addition

Reagent: Saturated Sodium bisulfite ($\ce{NaHSO3}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + NaHSO3 -> CH3-CH(OH)-SO3Na} $$

53.Ethanal to Ethanal Oxime

Condensation

Reagent: Hydroxylamine ($\ce{NH2OH}$) in weak acid

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + NH2OH -> CH3CH=NOH + H2O} $$

54.Ethanal to Hydrazone

Condensation

Reagent: Hydrazine ($\ce{NH2NH2}$) in weak acid

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + NH2NH2 -> CH3CH=NNH2 + H2O} $$

55.Ethanal to Ethanoic acid

Mild Oxidation

Reagent: Tollens' Reagent ($\ce{[Ag(NH3)2]+}$) or Fehling's

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- -> CH3COO- + 2Ag v} $$

56.Ethanal to Ethanol

Catalytic Reduction

Reagent: $\ce{H2}$ over $\ce{Pd}$

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + H2 ->[Pd] CH3CH2OH} $$

57.Benzyl alcohol to Benzaldehyde

Mild Oxidation

Reagent: Pyridinium chlorochromate ($\ce{PCC}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5CH2OH ->[PCC] C6H5CHO} $$

58.Benzonitrile to Benzaldehyde

Stephen Reduction

Reagent: $\ce{SnCl2 / HCl}$, then $\ce{H3O+}$

$$ \ce{C6H5CN ->[1. SnCl2/HCl][2. H3O+] C6H5CHO} $$

59.Acetyl chloride to Ethanal

Rosenmund Reduction

Reagent: $\ce{H2}$ over $\ce{Pd/BaSO4}$

$$ \ce{CH3COCl + H2 ->[Pd/BaSO4] CH3CHO + HCl} $$

60.Toluene to Benzaldehyde

Etard Reaction

Reagent: Chromyl chloride ($\ce{CrO2Cl2}$), then $\ce{H3O+}$

$$ \ce{C6H5CH3 ->[1. CrO2Cl2][2. H3O+] C6H5CHO} $$

61.Propan-2-ol to Propanone

Catalytic Dehydrogenation

Reagent: Copper tube at 573 K

$$ \ce{CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 ->[Cu, 573K] CH3-CO-CH3 + H2} $$

62.Propanone to Propan-2-ol

Reduction

Reagent: Lithium Aluminum Hydride ($\ce{LiAlH4}$)

$$ \ce{CH3-CO-CH3 ->[LiAlH4] CH3-CH(OH)-CH3} $$

63.Propanone to Propane

Clemmensen Reduction

Reagent: Zinc amalgam and conc. $\ce{HCl}$ ($\ce{Zn(Hg)/HCl}$)

$$ \ce{CH3-CO-CH3 + 4[H] ->[Zn(Hg)/HCl] CH3CH2CH3 + H2O} $$

64.Ethanal to Ethane

Wolff-Kishner Reduction

Reagent: Hydrazine ($\ce{NH2NH2}$) then $\ce{KOH}$/ethylene glycol

$$ \ce{CH3CHO ->[1. NH2NH2][2. KOH/\Delta] CH3CH3 + N2 ^} $$

65.Propanone to 2,2-Dichloropropane

Halogenation

Reagent: Phosphorus pentachloride ($\ce{PCl5}$)

$$ \ce{CH3-CO-CH3 + PCl5 -> CH3-CCl2-CH3 + POCl3} $$

66.Propanone to Iodoform

Haloform Reaction

Reagent: Iodine and aqueous Sodium Hydroxide ($\ce{I2 / NaOH}$)

$$ \ce{CH3-CO-CH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH -> CHI3 v + CH3COONa + 3NaI} $$

67.But-2-yne to Butan-2-one

Hydration of Alkyne

Reagent: $\ce{H2O}$ with $\ce{HgSO4 / H2SO4}$

$$ \ce{CH3-C\equiv C-CH3 + H2O ->[Hg^2+ / H+] CH3-CO-CH2CH3} $$

68.Benzene to Acetophenone

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Reagent: Acetyl chloride ($\ce{CH3COCl}$) + anhyd. $\ce{AlCl3}$

$$ \ce{C6H6 + CH3COCl ->[AlCl3] C6H5COCH3 + HCl} $$

69.Acetophenone to Ethylbenzene

Clemmensen Reduction

Reagent: Zinc amalgam and conc. $\ce{HCl}$

$$ \ce{C6H5COCH3 + 4[H] ->[Zn(Hg)/HCl] C6H5CH2CH3 + H2O} $$

70.Acetyl chloride to Propanone

Dialkylcadmium Rxn

Reagent: Dimethylcadmium $\ce{(CH3)2Cd}$

$$ \ce{2 CH3COCl + (CH3)2Cd -> 2 CH3-CO-CH3 + CdCl2} $$

Part 5: Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

71.Ethanol to Ethanoic Acid

Strong Oxidation

Reagent: Acidified Potassium Permanganate ($\ce{KMnO4/H+}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2OH + 2[O] ->[KMnO4/H+] CH3COOH + H2O} $$

72.Ethanal to Ethanoic Acid

Oxidation

Reagent: Acidified Potassium Dichromate ($\ce{K2Cr2O7/H+}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CHO + [O] ->[K2Cr2O7/H+] CH3COOH} $$

73.Propanenitrile to Propanoic Acid

Complete Hydrolysis

Reagent: Dilute mineral acid ($\ce{H3O+}$), boiling

$$ \ce{CH3CH2CN + 2H2O ->[H+] CH3CH2COOH + NH4+} $$

74.Ethanoic Acid to Acetyl Chloride

Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

Reagent: Thionyl chloride ($\ce{SOCl2}$)

$$ \ce{CH3COOH + SOCl2 -> CH3COCl + SO2 ^ + HCl ^} $$

75.Ethanoic Acid to Acetamide

Amidation

Reagent: Ammonia ($\ce{NH3}$), strong heat

$$ \ce{CH3COOH + NH3 ->[\Delta] CH3CONH2 + H2O} $$

76.Ethanoic Acid to Ethyl Ethanoate

Fischer Esterification

Reagent: Ethanol + Conc. $\ce{H2SO4}$

$$ \ce{CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH <=>[H+] CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O} $$

77.Ethanoic Acid to Acetic Anhydride

Dehydration

Reagent: Phosphorus pentoxide ($\ce{P2O5}$), heat

$$ \ce{2 CH3COOH ->[P2O5, \Delta] (CH3CO)2O + H2O} $$

78.Benzyl Alcohol to Benzoic Acid

Strong Oxidation

Reagent: Alkaline $\ce{KMnO4}$, then $\ce{H3O+}$

$$ \ce{C6H5CH2OH + 2[O] ->[KMnO4] C6H5COOH + H2O} $$

79.Benzoic Acid to Benzoyl Chloride

Acyl Substitution

Reagent: Phosphorus pentachloride ($\ce{PCl5}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5COOH + PCl5 -> C6H5COCl + POCl3 + HCl} $$

80.Benzoic Acid to Sodium Benzoate

Neutralization

Reagent: Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide ($\ce{NaOH}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5COOH + NaOH -> C6H5COONa + H2O} $$

Part 6: Amines & Diazonium Salts

81.Bromoethane to Ethanamine

Ammonolysis

Reagent: Alcoholic Ammonia ($\ce{NH3}$), sealed tube

$$ \ce{CH3CH2Br + NH3 -> CH3CH2NH2 + HBr} $$

82.Propanenitrile to Propan-1-amine

Reduction

Reagent: Lithium Aluminum Hydride ($\ce{LiAlH4}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2CN + 4[H] ->[LiAlH4] CH3CH2CH2NH2} $$

83.Propanamide to Ethanamine

Hoffmann Degradation

Reagent: Bromine + aqueous/alcoholic $\ce{KOH}$

$$ \ce{CH3CH2CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH -> CH3CH2NH2 + K2CO3 + 2KBr + 2H2O} $$

84.Nitroethane to Ethanamine

Reduction

Reagent: Tin and Hydrochloric acid ($\ce{Sn/HCl}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2NO2 + 6[H] ->[Sn/HCl] CH3CH2NH2 + 2H2O} $$

85.Ethanamine to Ethanol

Diazotization (Aliphatic)

Reagent: Nitrous acid ($\ce{HNO2}$ from $\ce{NaNO2+HCl}$)

$$ \ce{CH3CH2NH2 + HNO2 -> CH3CH2OH + N2 ^ + H2O} $$

86.Ethanamine to Ethyl Isocyanide

Carbylamine Reaction

Reagent: Chloroform ($\ce{CHCl3}$) + ethanolic $\ce{KOH}$

$$ \ce{CH3CH2NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH -> CH3CH2NC + 3KCl + 3H2O} $$

87.Ethanamine to N-Ethylethanamide

Acylation

Reagent: Acetyl chloride ($\ce{CH3COCl}$) in pyridine

$$ \ce{CH3CH2NH2 + CH3COCl -> CH3CH2NHCOCH3 + HCl} $$

88.Chloromethane to Dimethylamine

Alkylation of Amine

Reagent: Methanamine ($\ce{CH3NH2}$)

$$ \ce{CH3Cl + CH3NH2 -> (CH3)2NH + HCl} $$

89.Dimethylamine to N-Nitrosodimethylamine

Libermann Nitroso Reaction

Reagent: Nitrous acid ($\ce{HNO2}$)

$$ \ce{(CH3)2NH + HNO2 -> (CH3)2N-N=O + H2O} $$

90.Nitrobenzene to Aniline

Reduction

Reagent: Tin and Hydrochloric acid ($\ce{Sn/HCl}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5NO2 + 6[H] ->[Sn/HCl] C6H5NH2 + 2H2O} $$

91.Aniline to 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

Exhaustive Bromination

Reagent: Bromine water ($\ce{Br2(aq)}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5NH2 + 3Br2(aq) -> 2,4,6-C6H2Br3(NH2) v + 3HBr} $$

92.Aniline to Acetanilide

Protection (Acylation)

Reagent: Acetic anhydride ($\ce{(CH3CO)2O}$) in pyridine

$$ \ce{C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O -> C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH} $$

93.Aniline to Benzenediazonium Chloride

Diazotization

Reagent: $\ce{NaNO2 + HCl}$ at 273-278 K (0-5°C)

$$ \ce{C6H5NH2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl ->[273 K] C6H5N2+Cl- + NaCl + 2H2O} $$

94.Diazonium to Chlorobenzene

Sandmeyer Reaction

Reagent: Cuprous chloride in HCl ($\ce{Cu2Cl2 / HCl}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- ->[Cu2Cl2/HCl] C6H5Cl + N2 ^} $$

95.Diazonium to Bromobenzene

Sandmeyer Reaction

Reagent: Cuprous bromide in HBr ($\ce{Cu2Br2 / HBr}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- ->[Cu2Br2/HBr] C6H5Br + N2 ^} $$

96.Diazonium to Cyanobenzene

Sandmeyer Reaction

Reagent: Cuprous cyanide in KCN ($\ce{CuCN / KCN}$)

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- ->[CuCN/KCN] C6H5CN + N2 ^} $$

97.Diazonium to Fluorobenzene

Balz-Schiemann Reaction

Reagent: Fluoroboric acid ($\ce{HBF4}$) followed by heat ($\Delta$)

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- ->[1. HBF4][2. \Delta] C6H5F + N2 ^ + BF3 ^} $$

98.Diazonium to Iodobenzene

Nucleophilic Substitution

Reagent: Potassium Iodide ($\ce{KI}$), gently warmed

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- + KI ->[\Delta] C6H5I + N2 ^ + KCl} $$

99.Diazonium to Phenol

Hydrolysis

Reagent: Water ($\ce{H2O}$), gently warmed

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- + H2O ->[\Delta] C6H5OH + N2 ^ + HCl} $$

100.Diazonium to Benzene

Deamination (Reduction)

Reagent: Hypophosphorous acid ($\ce{H3PO2}$) and Water

$$ \ce{C6H5N2+Cl- + H3PO2 + H2O -> C6H6 + N2 ^ + H3PO3 + HCl} $$

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