Exam Master Review Sheet - Chemistry in Everyday Life

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EXAM MASTER REVIEW SHEET

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Medicines, Food Additives & Cleansing Agents

1. Therapeutic Action of Drugs

Drugs are low molecular mass chemicals that interact with macromolecular targets to produce a biological response.

Antacids & Antihistamines

Antacids: $Mg(OH)_2$, Ranitidine (Zantac), Cimetidine (Tagamet).

Antihistamines: Brompheniramine (Dimetapp), Terfenadine (Seldane).

Neurologically Active Drugs

Tranquilizers: Iproniazid, Phenelzine (Antidepressants); Equanil, Meprobamate (Relieve tension); Luminal, Seconal (Barbiturates).

Analgesics: Aspirin, Paracetamol (Non-narcotic); Morphine, Heroin (Narcotic).

2. Antimicrobials

Type	Description & Examples
Antibiotics	Bactericidal: Penicillin, Aminoglycosides. \| Bacteriostatic: Erythromycin, Tetracycline. \| Broad Spectrum: Chloramphenicol.
Antiseptics	Applied to living tissues. Dettol: Chloroxylenol + Terpineol. \| Bithionol: Added to soaps. \| Tincture of Iodine: 2-3% $I_2$ in alcohol-water.
Disinfectants	Applied to inanimate objects. Phenol: 0.2% is antiseptic; 1.0% is disinfectant. \| 0.2-0.4 ppm $Cl_2$ in water.

3. Food Additives

Artificial Sweeteners

• Aspartame: 100x sweeter; unstable at cooking temps (used in cold drinks).
• Saccharin: 550x sweeter; excreted unchanged.
• Sucralose: 600x sweeter; stable at cooking temps.
• Alitame: 2000x sweeter; difficulty in controlling sweetness.

Food Preservatives

Prevent microbial growth.
• Table salt, Sugar, Vegetable oils.
• Sodium Benzoate ($C_6H_5COONa$).
• Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid.

4. Soaps and Saponification

Soaps are Sodium or Potassium salts of long chain fatty acids (Stearic, Oleic, Palmitic acids).

Triglyceride + $NaOH \rightarrow$ Glycerol + Soap

Limitations of Soap

Soaps do not work in hard water because they form insoluble "scum" (Calcium and Magnesium salts of fatty acids).

5. Classification of Detergents

Anionic

Anionic part is involved in cleansing. Used in toothpastes/household work.

Ex: Sodium laurylsulphate.

Cationic

Quaternary ammonium salts. Have germicidal properties. Expensive.

Ex: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Non-Ionic

Do not contain any ions. Used in liquid dishwashing detergents.

Ex: Stearic acid + Polyethylene glycol.

Biodegradability

Detergents with straight hydrocarbon chains are biodegradable. Highly branched chains are non-biodegradable and cause water pollution.

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