Lesson Plan: General Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

General Organic Chemistry (GOC)

The backbone of Organic Chemistry. GOC is not about memorization; it is about understanding Electron Flow. If you master the stability of intermediates (Carbocations/Carbanions) here, reactions in Class 12 become logical puzzles rather than rote learning.

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⚠️ Prerequisites

Hybridization: Shapes of $sp, sp^2, sp^3$ carbons.
Chemical Bonding: Electronegativity (to find partial charges) and $\sigma$ vs $\pi$ bonds.
Periodic Trends: Sizes of atoms (C vs Si vs O).

🧠 Study Approach

Follow the Electrons: Organic chemistry is simply the movement of electron density from High ($\delta-$) to Low ($\delta+$). Always ask: "Where are the electrons going?" and "Is the resulting charge stable?"

Study Sequence

1. IUPAC Nomenclature

Selection of Longest Parent Chain. Priority order of Functional Groups (Acid > Ester > ... > Double Bond). Naming Bicyclo/Spiro compounds (if Advanced).

2. Isomerism (Structural)

Chain, Position, Functional, Metamerism, and Tautomerism (Keto-Enol). Counting isomers for simple alkanes ($C_4, C_5, C_6$).

3. Electronic Effects (CRITICAL)

Inductive Effect (I): Permanent displacement along $\sigma$ bonds.
Resonance (R/M): Delocalization of $\pi$ electrons. Drawing Canonical structures.
Hyperconjugation (H): $\sigma-\pi$ conjugation (Baker-Nathan).

4. Intermediates & Stability

Carbocations ($C^+$): Stability order $3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ$ (due to +I and H-effect).
Carbanions ($C^-$): Stability order $1^\circ > 2^\circ > 3^\circ$.
Free Radicals ($\dot{C}$): Similar to Carbocations.

5. Acidity & Basicity Applications

Acid Strength $\propto$ Stability of Conjugate Base. Effect of EWG (Electron Withdrawing Groups) increases acidity. Ortho-effect in Benzoic acid and Aniline.

6. Attacking Reagents & Reaction Types

Electrophiles ($E^+$) vs Nucleophiles ($Nu^-$).
Overview of Substitution ($S_N1, S_N2$), Addition (Electrophilic/Nucleophilic), and Elimination reactions.

7. Purification & Analysis

Distillation (Steam, Vacuum). Chromatography.
Qualitative: Lassaigne's Test (N, S, Halogens).
Quantitative: Kjeldahl's Method (N), Dumas Method, Carius Method.

🎯 How to Practice

Comparison Drill: Every day, take 5 random carbocations or carbanions and arrange them in order of stability. Use the AERHI rule.

Acid/Base Strength: For acidity questions, remove $H^+$, draw the Conjugate Base ($A^-$), and check its stability via resonance or induction. More stable $A^-$ = Stronger Acid.

Draw Canonical Forms: Don't just look at resonance structures. Draw them. Ensure you don't break single $\sigma$ bonds and only move $\pi$ electrons/lone pairs.

📝 Quick Revision Notes

Priority Rule (AERHI)

Aromaticity > Equivalent Resonance > Resonance > Hyperconjugation > Inductive

Carbocation Stability

$3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ > \text{Methyl}$
Stabilized by $+I$ and $+R$ groups. Destabilized by $-I$ groups.

Quant Analysis

$$\%N = \frac{1.4 \times N \times V}{W} \quad (\text{Kjeldahl})$$ $$\%X = \frac{\text{Atomic Wt} \times \text{Wt AgX}}{108 + \text{At.Wt} \times W} \times 100 \quad (\text{Carius})$$

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