Reaction Chart: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Mastering the synthesis of carbonyl compounds is a core requirement for JEE Main, Advanced, NEET, and CBSE Class 12 exams.
Aldehydes and ketones are among the most versatile functional groups in organic synthesis. Their preparation involves a variety of pathways, ranging from the controlled oxidation of alcohols to specialized named reactions like Stephen's Reduction, Rosenmund Reduction, and the Etard Reaction.
This comprehensive reaction chart summarizes these major transformations, helping you visualize how to convert hydrocarbons, acyl chlorides, and nitriles into essential carbonyl building blocks under specific reagents and conditions.
Must-Know Named Reactions
- Rosenmund Reduction: Hydrogenation of Acid Chlorides using Pd-BaSO4 (poisoned).
- Etard Reaction: Selective oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde using Chromyl Chloride (CrO2Cl2).
- Stephen's Reduction: Converting Nitriles to Aldehydes using SnCl2/HCl followed by hydrolysis.
- Gattermann-Koch: Direct formulation of Benzene using CO and HCl in the presence of AlCl3.
Figure: Overview of Synthetic Pathways for Carbonyl Compounds
Key Mechanisms & Selectivity
- Alcohol Oxidation: PCC is preferred for 1° alcohols to Aldehydes to prevent over-oxidation to Acids.
- Alkynes: Hydration of Alkynes (Kucheroff Reaction) yields Ketones (except Ethyne, which gives Acetaldehyde).
- Ketone Specific: Friedel-Crafts Acylation and reaction of Nitriles with Grignard reagents are top methods for Ketone synthesis.
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