Reaction Chart of Carboxylic Acids – Complete Conceptual Guide (JEE & NEET)
Carboxylic acids are among the most versatile functional groups in organic chemistry. Their ability to undergo a wide range of reactions—substitution, reduction, decarboxylation, esterification, and acid–base reactions—makes them a highly tested topic in JEE Main, JEE Advanced, NEET, and Class 12 board exams.
This reaction chart of carboxylic acids provides a one-page summary of all major transformations, helping students quickly revise and connect reactions conceptually.
Why Carboxylic Acids Are So Important in Organic Chemistry
The presence of the –COOH group makes carboxylic acids unique because they exhibit:
- Acidic behavior
- Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- Reduction to alcohols
- Conversion to acid derivatives
They act as a central hub from which many important organic compounds can be synthesized.
π Exam Insight:
Questions often test interconversion of functional groups starting from carboxylic acids.
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids (Quick Revision)
Carboxylic acids can be prepared by:
- Oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes
- Hydrolysis of nitriles
- Hydrolysis of acid derivatives
- Oxidation of alkyl side chains of aromatic compounds
Understanding preparation routes helps in multi-step conversion problems, especially in JEE Advanced.
Important Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
1. Acid–Base Reactions
Carboxylic acids react with:
- NaOH / KOH → Carboxylate salts
- NaHCO₃ / Na₂CO₃ → CO₂ evolution (confirmatory test)
π NEET Favourite:
Why carboxylic acids are stronger acids than phenols.
2. Conversion to Acid Chlorides
Using reagents like:
- SOCl₂
- PCl₅
- PCl₃
Acid chlorides are highly reactive and act as key intermediates for preparing:
- Esters
- Amides
- Anhydrides
This step connects carboxylic acids with nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions.
3. Esterification Reactions
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of conc. H₂SO₄ to form:
- Esters + Water
This reversible reaction is important both theoretically and practically.
π Board Exam Tip:
Always mention acid catalyst and heating in esterification.
4. Reduction Reactions
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to:
- Primary alcohols using LiAlH₄
They do not reduce easily, which differentiates them from aldehydes and ketones.
5. Decarboxylation Reactions
On heating with soda lime:
- Loss of CO₂
- Formation of hydrocarbons with one carbon less
π High-scoring MCQs often involve predicting the product after decarboxylation.
6. Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (HVZ) Reaction
Carboxylic acids having Ξ±-hydrogen undergo:
- Ξ±-Halogenation in presence of red phosphorus and halogen
π Named reaction → very important for JEE.
Reaction Interconversion – Exam Perspective
Using carboxylic acids, students should practice:
- Acid → Acid chloride → Ester → Amide
- Acid → Alcohol → Aldehyde
- Acid → Hydrocarbon (via decarboxylation)
Such interconversions are frequently tested in assertion–reason and multi-step questions.
How This Reaction Chart Helps You
✔ One-glance revision of all major reactions
✔ Saves time during last-minute preparation
✔ Helps in reaction prediction questions
✔ Strengthens conceptual clarity for exams
Students are strongly advised to memorize reagents along with conditions, not reactions alone.
Conceptual Links You Should Revise Along With This Topic
To strengthen understanding, revise:
- preparation and properties of alcohols
- esters: preparation and properties
- acid chlorides and their reactions
- reaction charts of functional group interconversion
These topics are organically connected and often asked together.
π’ Student Advice
If you can master the reaction chart of carboxylic acids, you automatically gain confidence in:
- Functional group interconversions
- Named reactions
- Organic synthesis problems
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